The subject of this study is a zeolite generated as a by-product of recycling LAS (lithium-aluminum-silicate) resources, a kind of glass and ceramic produced by induction. The zeolite by-product is modified into Mg-zeolite using Mg as a cation to absorb Pb, a heavy metal generated from water pollution caused by recent industrial wastewater. An ion-exchange method is used to carry out the modification process, from zeolite byproduct to Mg-zeolite, and simultaneously absorb the Pb in the heavy-metal solution (99.032 mg/L). It is found that the sodium zeolite in the raw material residue can be modified to magnesium zeolite by reacting it with a mixture solution at 1 M concentration for 24 h. As a result, it is found that the residual Pb (0.130 mg/L) in the heavy metal solution is shown to be absorbed by 99.86%, with successful formation of a Mg-modified zeolite.

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• Y-Type Zeolite Synthesized from an Illite Applied for Removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution: Box-Behnken Design and Kinetics
  Kinjal J. Shah, Jiacheng Yu, Ting Zhang, Zhaoyang You
  Water.2023; 15(6): 1171.     CrossRef

Due to the rapid development of electricity, electronics, information communication, and biotechnology in recent years, studies are actively being conducted on nanopowders as it is required not only for high strengthening but also for high-function powder with electric, magnetic, and optical properties. Nonetheless, studies on nickel nanopowders are rare. In this study of the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles from LiNiO₂ (LNO), which is a cathode active material, we have synthesized the nanosized nickel powder by the liquid reduction process of NiSO₄ obtained through the leaching and purification of LNO. Moreover, we have studied the reduction reaction rate according to the temperature change of liquid phase reduction and the change of particle size as a function of NaOH addition amount using hydrazine monohydrate (N₂H₄·H₂O) and NaOH.

In this study, an experiment is performed to recover the Li in Li₂CO₃ phase from the cathode active material NMC (LiNiCoMnO₂) in waste lithium ion batteries. Firstly, carbonation is performed to convert the LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases within the powder to Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO. The carbonation for phase separation proceeds at a temperature range of 600°C~800°C in a CO₂ gas (300 cc/min) atmosphere. At 600~700°C, Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO are not completely separated, while Li and other metallic compounds remain. At 800 °C, we can confirm that LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases are separated into Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO phases. After completing the phase separation, by using the solubility difference of Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO, we set the ratio of solution (distilled water) to powder after carbonation as 30:1. Subsequently, water leaching is carried out. Then, the Li₂CO₃ within the solution melts and concentrates, while NiO, MnO, and CoO phases remain after filtering. Thus, Li₂CO₃ can be recovered.

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• Metals Recovery from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries Cathode Via Hydrogen Reduction-water Leaching-carbothermic or Hydrogen Reduction Process
  Tahereh Rostami, Behnam Khoshandam
  Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influence of Flow-Gas Composition on Reaction Products of Thermally Treated NMC Battery Black Mass
  Christin Stallmeister, Bernd Friedrich
  Metals.2023; 13(5): 923.     CrossRef
• Holistic Investigation of the Inert Thermal Treatment of Industrially Shredded NMC 622 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Influence on Selective Lithium Recovery by Water Leaching
  Christin Stallmeister, Bernd Friedrich
  Metals.2023; 13(12): 2000.     CrossRef
• Environmentally Friendly Recovery of Lithium from Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
  Lilian Schwich, Bernd Friedrich
  Metals.2022; 12(7): 1108.     CrossRef
• Early-Stage Recovery of Lithium from Tailored Thermal Conditioned Black Mass Part I: Mobilizing Lithium via Supercritical CO2-Carbonation
  Lilian Schwich, Tom Schubert, Bernd Friedrich
  Metals.2021; 11(2): 177.     CrossRef
• Exploring a green route for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: Revealing and solving deep screening problem
  Jiadong Yu, Quanyin Tan, Jinhui Li
  Journal of Cleaner Production.2020; 255: 120269.     CrossRef

Titanium carbide (TiC) powders are successfully synthesized by carburization of titanium hydride (TiH₂) powders. The TiH₂ powders with size lower than 45 μm (-325 Mesh) are optimally produced by the hydrogenation process, and are mixed with graphite powder by ball milling. The mixtures are then heat-treated in an Ar atmosphere at 800-1200oC for carburization to occur. It has been experimentally and thermodynamically determined that the dehydrogenation, “TiH₂ = Ti + H₂”, and carburization, “Ti + C = TiC”, occur simultaneously over the reaction temperature range. The unreacted graphite content (free carbon) in each product is precisely measured by acid dissolution and by the filtering method, and it is possible to conclude that the maximal carbon stoichiometry of TiC_0.94 is accomplished at 1200°C.

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• Pre-treatments of initial materials for controlling synthesized TaC characteristics in the SHS process
  Jae Jin Sim, Sang Hoon Choi, Ji Hwan Park, Il Kyu Park, Jae Hong Lim, Kyoung Tae Park
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2018; 25(3): 251.     CrossRef